BLAME GAME

In the mainstream narrative, local people are often blamed for hunting, poaching and killing orangutans, as well as competing against them for resources in protected forest areas.

Over the past decade, the Bornean orangutan has gone from ‘Endangered’ to ‘Critically Endangered’ on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. In the Danau Sentarum National Park and its surrounds, a 2010 review found the number of orangutan nests in the area had dropped by 55% in less than a decade, from 264 nests in 2001 to only 147 in 2010.

Orangutans are protected by law in Indonesia, but their habitat in many cases is not. Land-use planning laws that favor large-scale development projects have led to widespread deforestation and land conversion for mining, timber and oil palm plantations.

Fire, illegal logging, and the effects of climate change have further destroyed the available habitat for orangutans, while poaching, hunting and illegal trade continues under weak law enforcement.

But the research by Yuliani and her team shows that orangutans remain better protected in areas where traditional beliefs and taboos are practiced, highlighting local people as allies in conservation efforts. The findings make the case for better collaboration, understanding and respect among formal and informal institutions.

   CIFOR Photo/Terry Sunderland

   CIFOR Photo/Terry Sunderland

STORIES OLD AND NEW

Informal institutions surrounding orangutans in West Kalimantan include a range of beliefs, taboos and stories, from ancient traditions to more recent anecdotes.

Among Dayak sub-ethnic groups, ancestral traditions promote the belief that humans learned from orangutans how to assist in the delivery of babies, and how to use medicinal plants to sooth mothers after giving birth.

Others say that orangutans are reincarnations of respected members of the community, and therefore allow them to feed in their fruit gardens undisturbed.

There are stories old and new of orangutans serving as protectors of humans. Iban Dayaks are told by their grandparents and great-grandparents of the assistance given by orangutans during ethnic conflict in the 1900s. More recent stories from the 1980s tell of an orangutan who protected a boy from a crocodile attack, and another who rescued a woman from a clouded leopard.

Such stories generate a sense of respect for orangutans, encouraging kind treatment and protection.

“These kinds of stories contain the dos and don’ts that people hear about since childhood, so their messages are strongly obeyed,” Yuliani says.

   CIFOR Photo/Terry Sunderland

Other stories give a moral warning about what happens when orangutans are not protected.

One story told to the research team came from a Malay man, who said that once while logging in a protected area, he witnessed a colleague shoot an orangutan from a tree.

As the animal fell, they saw that it was a female orangutan holding her young. Before she died, the man said, the mother orangutan took a big leaf and expelled her breast milk onto it for her baby to feed on.

“He was really sad when he witnessed that the mother was so close to her baby. He cried when he told the story,” Yuliani says.

The story is retold with a surreal moral ending – the colleague who shot the orangutan had a pregnant wife at home, and when she gave birth the child was said to be covered in hair, just like an orangutan.

   CIFOR Photo/Terry Sunderland

CALL TO ACTION

Traditions and anecdotes like these are powerful because they encourage or discourage certain types of behavior. They tend to encourage intrinsic motives for action, as opposed to the extrinsic enforcement of laws that may not align with local values.

So how can informal institutions be incorporated into formal conservation efforts and legislation?

Experience shows that a lack of collaboration with local people and their institutions is a common reason for conservation programs to fail. Local people should be seen as partners in conservation, the research suggests, with greater recognition of their knowledge, interests and rights in natural resource management.

“When there is collaboration between institutions, they should respect one another, and reinforce one another,” Yuliani says. “But the process takes time, energy, and a balance of interests.”

Further to this, Yuliani says that conservation efforts should not focus on a single species, but on the links between biological and cultural capital – such as orangutans and the stories that promote their protection.

“Degraded ecosystems cause degraded traditions, especially in cases where traditions are related to nature,” she says.

“By raising up traditions, ecosystems also benefit.”

   Danau Sentarum National Park, West Kalimantan. CIFOR Photo/Yves Laumonier