Managing forests sustainably involves ecology, social aspects, and economics. A recent CIFOR paper by Jack Ruitenbeek and Cynthia Cartier called ’Rational Exploitations: Economic Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Management of Tropical Forests’ discusses the latter aspect.
The paper’s five main lessons are:
* Look beyond simple efficiency to consider equity and sustainability.
* Keep your focus on the stand of trees, but don’t forget the policies and institutions that affect the stand.
* Pay as much attention to stocks and assets as to flows and income.
* Be prepared for surprises and exercize precaution in forest management.
* Keep the criteria and indicators simple to permit an easy assessment of trade-offs.
The paper provides a list of recommended criteria and indicators and a list of indicators that should be avoided, as well as an evaluation of the economic criteria and indicators recommended by the International Tropical Timber Organization, the African Timber Organization, the Amazon Cooperation Treaty countries, the German Initiative on Tropical Forests, the UK Soil Association, the Rainforest Alliance, and the Indonesian Ecolabeling Institute.
The paper suggests that manager and certifiers avoid the use of indicators such as internal rates of return, economic valuations of ecological services, and complex indices of wealth and income distribution. The authors’ own proposed set of economic criteria and indicators include four basic principles, twelve criteria that can help operationalize those principles, and forty specific indicators that help assess whether the criteria are being met.
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Further reading
If you would like to comment on this message, please write to Jack Ruitenbeek at mailto:hjruiten@web.net
To obtain a copy of the paper, write to Ravi Prabhu at mailto:r.prabhu@cgiar.org When you request the paper, let us know if we can send it to you electronically in PDF format and, if not, what alternative might be best for you.
Primarily in community
participation for SFM ,which is very common locally ,through leadership .In
case of local community participation for SFM , usually one single individual
or groups of individuals come-out ,from a social group, [Excluding local
club, self-help group, youth organization etc. also,mainly in villages, (Villages
within legally protected forests and villages with Trees Outside Forest ,the TOF) ]. By social group, I
mean few neighbors of same type of
social attitudes in homely / household affairs, with same type of
thinking pattern and thinking level, in the village areas .
Like mental state of
wild-life (faunae), human being also have a CRITICAL period in
their growing age. During this period or age, immature inner mind of people,
desire to learn from anything or any theme “Surrounding” them, including formal or informal education also. The
“Surrounding” may be schools, colleges, other educational institutions etc. or
the learning from the people, whom he meets or faces, frequently in his daily
life- pattern. In this prospects ,Indian
social human community almost learn about or develop the agitational or revolutionary
enthusiastic thinking ,which
characteristic and quality has been passing via thoughts of Indian community
;one generation after another generation, from the year of independence (1947) or since the year of
recognition of democracy (1950)
, of India , thus ,emergence of social
leadership quality, in social sector (Political, non-political, literary,
cultural, traditional field etc.) are very logical and very familiar for
our country .It may be better to think, on this prospects also ;in the duration
of :-
Community SFM Processing:-
(1) Initiation : Followed byà
(2) Continuation:
Simultaneously or Followed by
à
(3) Management, according to necessity,
till ending of the
consequences ,as a part of Community Participation ;towards sustainability of
protected forests and towards sustainability of
Tree Outside Forest.
Sustainability may be in the direction of more fruitful; if proper conservation, uniform maintenance,
or necessary enhancement of vulnerable ,endangered, rare, threatened species
etc. of florae and faunae are undertaken. These three measures together, or any
two measures together, or any single one or judicious mixture of these three or
two measures may be effective, to maintain sustainability. In this way, to
formulate policy and principles of community participation, historical analysis
may be effective to few extents; in the Nationalistic division (e.g.
formation of countries etc.) or unification of the countries towards
continents of the globe. It is necessary to view on conceptual historical
infrastructural and economic
infrastructural history of Country formation (as Indian origin of
Mauritius), of the globe, status of the opposition parties of different
countries ,electional configurations and
infrastructures mainly of European Countries (as of union) etc.
and of African countries; based on sensitization factors to unify the different
oppositional or administrational (as Governments) parties of the
other countries, towards India, with reference as intermediate position of
India, in the globe. These factors may help to enhance global status of our country ; as like the, religious belief
and faith were the base of formation of Pakistan and East Pakistan (Bangladesh,
at Present).Sir, then, what might be the concept of MIDDLE Pakistan
,before the year 1947 or 1950 or for the
presents’ B(Bangladesh).N.P.? Still, there may be a
internationalist relationships between these two above mentioned countries.
In Context to Local Community
Participation:-
Study of food-webs or
food-chains or mixture of food-webs of different types and its sustainability,
maintenance, through monitoring and evaluation by the local communities (through
guidance and direction of proper authority, individuals) may forward
towards sufficiently fruitful community participation for S-F-M and for
S-TOF-M, in regional or local aspects. Senior communities (as rural
parents, guardians etc.) may be sensitized or inspired for such type of
activities, by providing free supportive general education ;to their
children or to the interested ,but
depressed uneducated youths (male and female) ,following their
school curriculum/syllabus and required educational interests
respectively (Educational Community Participation for SFM). With
supportive general education (at certain intervals of few days, in a
week);it is also possible to offer knowledge on food-webs,
anti-environmental communities phenomena etc.(it may be towards virginity concept of forests)to
attempt for sustainability of
biodiversity and abio-diversity as
portions of Forest Management Practices
,in regional aspects.
Offering free supportive
general education (e.g. to village children / youth etc.)
may be or almost is the best, simple & clear path; for community sensitization ,of community
sustainability. Parallely, it may also be possible to know about local economic values of the forest (through
Holistic approach),trees ,plants,
shrubs, etc. ;which are maintained by definite household / families etc.
to proceed towards Forest Resource Accounting (FRA) ,then
Sustainable Forest Certification , by imitating the Criteriae and Indicators
and then towards, initiation of sustainable export on local ,regional ,national or
international basis (it may be through ‘Stillwell Road’ connecting Locally Kungming of
South China through Burma from Assam of India) ;accompanied by
proper revenue planning ;with financial courtesy and with
CRITERIAE of donor groups / agencies established in, local towards
global level ,and their implementation towards local or micro level for SFM
.The indicators of such Direct CRITERIAE of donor groups/agencies
/establishments etc., for
Sustainable Forest Management (With S-TOF-M) are also present and is not clear in my mind till now.
Regarding Local Criteriae & Indicators :
(1) Degree and impact (that can be measured by
different parameters as livelihood, pollution by insecticides, pesticides, inorganic fertilizers, population
etc. of human being ) from
surrounding human habitat ,on an area of
environmental Secondary Community Succession (Denudation),may
also ,probably be a indicator of the FIXED
Criterion 1: “Maintenance/increase in the extent of forest and tree
cover”, mainly in single study area level ,of secondary succession.
Because, in the duration of secondary succession, when first floral community
/communities are decreased in number ,in
mass, by natural sustainable phenomena (Floral destructive phase of Secondary succession ,but this destruction
and regeneration is very systematic with many sub-steps, and there may be some
sub-indicators for this),human activities directly or indirectly affect the naturally changing area, (as
by chemical fertilizers, insecticides ,pesticides etc.) ,mainly by
flood-water flow ,in or about simultaneously of the summer season; from
tea-gardens , cultivational , agricultural field , by single individual or from
organized sectors, of investment towards
lands. Thus, amount of specific fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides , applied
in or near an area of an Secondary
Succession ,may be Indicator or even Sub-Indicator (Study of some
sub-indicators within an Indicator may temporarily be helpful, supportive ,for
the study duration),if in details; leading to lessen ,in tree number and
also influencing the Criterion 1 : Maintenance/increase in the extent of
forest & tree cover, for increase
of trees and forests in successive generation .Interdependency (may
lead towards Sub-indicators) of one flora on other flora, fauna etc. [as
water-hyacinth is noticed with some other florae, which are the feeding, even
nesting places of some endangered species of
semi-aquatic birds etc.(the photograph of such habitat was
sent in my power point opinion, about C
& I ,of Management Development Programme, from 18-th to 21-st November,2008
in Bhopal)] may play major role during destruction and regeneration
phases of secondary succession.
(2)Change of position of NICHE (Mainly of nests)
,of few species of birds, in the same plant or
in species of same plant, have also been guessed by me, due to interferences of human community ,pertaining to unsustainability in
the area leading towards, decrease in number of florae /Trees/ Shrubs or decrease in number of current leaves,
twigs etc. in a single vital plant/tree etc., affecting the current
Food-web there.
*It is better to exist
single office level [Governmental
,non-governmental ,Private ,Limited (Ltd.) etc.] C & I, even up-to branch and
sub-branch level, collaborative & pertaining to local community/area,
where activities of the particular office , has to be implemented.
Rupam Kumar Gogoi,
Milan Nagar,E-Lane,
M.N. Road ,P.O.C. R .Building,
Dist :Dibrugarh,
State :Assam
Country: India
M:+91-9706646150
Point=1 :
”’Different types of Articles/imaginary hypothetical practical stories may be written summarizing all the imaginary possible views of all the Criteriae & Indicators system of Sustainable Forest Management ,for single Forest accompanied by Forest Dependent and Independent Communities.’
All the indicators may be summarized to view a single Sustainably Managed Forest Villages, with reference to the C & I System.
The Indicators may be divided in my look-out as :(1)Conservation Indicator,(2)Maintenance Indicator,(3)Enhancement Indicator,(4 )
Natural resource Indicator,(5)Secondary Succession Indicator or Denudation Indicator,(6)Treated Forest Area Indicator,(7)Ethnic Indicator,(8)Jurisdictional Indicator,(9)Non-Destructive Harvesting Indicator,(10)Non-Destructive Recorded Removal Indicator,(11)Non-Destructive Demand Indicator,(12)Non-Destructive Supply Indicator,
(13)Non-Destructive Export Indicator,(14)Non-Destructive Import Indicator,(15)Financial Indicator,(16)Survey Indicator,(17)Administrational Indicator……
Each of these indicators may be divided in to different types of study topics/categories.Perhaps ,all these 17 numbers of indicators may be arranged in above mentioned seriality or sequence ,to get an Ideal Sustainably Managed Forest Village. These Indicators are applicable for India ,primarily.On addition to economic criteriae and indicators ; florae and faunae specific criteriae and indicators;focusing upon endangered,rare,threatened,vulnerable species etc. also may be effective…
Point=2:
The following may be a subjective tool to view the global human habitat field for focusing on C and I for SFM study :
It may be necessary the discussion and exchange of
knowledges on Conceptual and fundamental Initiative in
local level or in single individual level; for analysis
,evaluation ,assesment of schematic strategies of
different country governments ;e.g. country with a single
or few states; country with many states accompanied by
democratic, republic, socialistic ,federal capitalistic or
mixed capitalistic governmental infrastructure ; within
the purview of administrational officials and electionally
nominated parties; viewing globally and internationally,
the implicit and explicit aims, objectives and strategies
of Various types of World Summit; primarily insisting
upon Sustainable Development. Discussion on
Sustainable Forest Resource Certification, Forest
Resource Accounting and Valuation in internationally
effective influensive currencies; in comparison to gold,
oils and so on ;viewing towards different country unions
and global unions, high incomes” Northern Countries,
Countries of Middle East Countries ,Oriental countries of
the globe and so on, is expected ,initially .
I am hereby
going to present my nominal views on Community
Forest Management, as I am basically pertaining to
Community Forest Management interests with wildlife
affinities entity, for IIFM-ITTO. These include
some my opinions, on Local
environmental impact’s issues, with reference to my
native town/district or to few extent to North-East
regional aspects.
My primary views on local/ North –East
Regional aspects of the country:
Comparative study of Criteriae & Indicators of IIFMITTO(
International Tropical Timber Organization) are still
being followed by the sustainable traditional tribes, or
necessary to be followed by rural ,semi-rural or urban
areas ,in the North–East India with maintenance of
environmental sustainability. It may be possible to
attempt to give Environmental sustainability; to the
framework, as SFM (Sustainable Forest Management)
and STOFM (Sustainable Tree Outside Forest
Management) with the guidelines of IIFM-ITTO
references, at local or regional level, at first and
primarily. The impact of globalized factors on the
traditional cultures ,in North-East India(in local or
regional impact), may be a tool for partially, globally
impacted sustainable revenue increment methodology
innovations, which appears to be one of the significant
explicit interests and affinity, for Western
travelers(tourists) of mainly the developed countries
,with their arrival towards North-East India. In North-East
India, all the sustainable traditional cultures are not
,presently completely sustainable to the surrounding
environment(Although it is globally accepted that ALL
TRADITIOAL CULTURES ARE SUSTAINABLE) .The
traditional Ethno-biological uses of different parts of
wild florae and of wild faunae ,including presently
declared endangered species, vulnerable species ,rare
species, threatened species etc. [ as claw of tiger
(Panthera tigris),Skin of deers , roots or other parts of
some endangered orchids or of other parts of almost all
endangered, rare, vulnerable, threatened florae and
faunae as mentioned in Red Data Book of International
Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural
Resources(IUCN) etc. ] are not sustainable at present
duration in Assam , Arunachal Pradesh or over all in
North-East India. Sustained Yield Forestry or yield
through investment of labors and services towards native
land ,is better to be under the policy capacity of
Indigenous farmers or indigenous proletarians, than
higher economic class of people, bureaucrats etc., which
should be accompanied by sustainable certification of
renewable with valuation based on environmental
friendliness, in the activities on renewable and nonrenewable
solid(e.g. growing stock of wood), liquid(e.g.
water) and gaseous goods(e.g. air) and concerned
services on forest resources .Because, in North-East India
,for environmentally sustainable tribal peoples (plains
and hills) ;the forest was for him; in ethical point of
view,[as by Verrier Elwin (Ref. A Philosophy for
NEFA/North –East Frontier Agency)].But due to, issues
like unsustainable livelihood, lack of managerial
autonomy of tribal indigenous people etc. on native
land, also has influenced this traditional ethics, in most of
the legally protected forest & TOF area. Biodiversity
conservation, maintenance and enhancement, as a part
of Sustainable Forest Management has various aspects at
local or regional level.
Taxation etc. as the tools for Sustainable
Industrialization, policy at local/regional level
for the global policy instrument the “
Sustainable development” :
It may also be better to be taken into consideration ,the
Criteriae and Indicators concerned facts of Sustainable
Forest Management ,in the purview of Tea-forest
Resource Accounting and Valuation(Taxation/Revenue),
in Natural Gas Cracking Technology(Presently under
Construction Gas Cracker, in Dibrugarh)with its human
benefited component products, Oil Extracting-Refining-
Limiteds/Commissions (e.g. O.I.L.; O.N.G.C.;N.R.L. etc.)
through IIFM-ITTO guidelines etc., as a tool to evaluate
Sustainable Revenue Increment Policy, as an attempt
for institutionalization of Criteriae and Indicators
Concept in these eastablishments,under the guidance of
IIFM-ITTO.
As in tea-garden industries ,excluding uses of pesticides
,insecticides ;which are still to be sustainability favoring
,but tea plants with shade providing trees ,in urban or
rural areas, provide nesting, sheltering fooding habitats
for many endangered ,rare, threatened birds ,reptiles
,insects species etc. also with invertebrate organisms and
also contribute in environmental balance of Carbon
dioxide gas ,in the area, to a higher extent as compared
to other types of industries in the area, with traditional
tea-gardens communities, immigrated by the Mandate
of British Empire, before Independence(year 1947). It
may be possible to view-up such man –made industrial
cultivation/plantation, under the Taxation-revenue
rebate scenario, with sustainable but hidden tea-garden
communitys’ cultures. The immigrated traditional
cultures of Tea-garden communities are still being
Sustainable to the local environment.
Since, farming/plantation of industrial and economic
plants, which undergoes C-4 Pathways(Hatch-Slack
Pathway) of Dark Reaction of Photosynthesis, have no
inhibitory effect of oxygen, can adjust to high Carbon
dioxide concentration ,Higher rate of photosynthesis, low
level of Photo-respiration with maximum utilization of
Carbon dioxide and less uses of oxygen, can adjust to
high carbon dioxide concentration and Carbon dioxide
absorption in comparison to the Plants of C-3,C-2
photosynthetic pathways’ plants, in the area ,therefore,
to favor sustainable Tree Outside Forest management
and Sustainable Industrialization ; the economic or
industrial plantation of local C-4 plants as Maize (Zea
mays L.) Sugar-cane(Saccharum officinarum L.) may be
previewed into Environment friendly Sustainable
Industrialization Scenario,as Indian initiatives ,in order to
patronize Sustainable Industrial Community Forest
Management and Conservation with rebate in Taxes ,in
order to patronize it at local or regional level or at single
individual level. Tax rebate may be compensated, by
means of ,increasing tax-customs quantum through
imposing additional money value on industries,
establishments with unsustainable production of raw
materials from legally protected but forest area of
permitted felling and from Natural resources extraction
establishments, in revenue providing area’s of human
community. Taxation may be imposed on intermediate
products also, initiating from the range of Environmental
or Earth-crust related raw materials; up to the status of
final/last stage products for marketing, on their
transportation in intra-country or inter –country level.
Beside earth-crust productive sectors, Sustainable Tax-
Custom-Revenue generation and increment concept
may be implemented in developmental activity sectors,
service sectors etc. in the society ,to favor all kinds of
social activities of human being (Industrial ,Quasi-public
and public activity, Corporate activity ,economic
developmental perspective, governmental & nongovernmental
,private activity and so on) for to attempt
for Bio-diversity Conservation in the already destructed
Virgin Globe . For this purpose, it is better to add
community infrastructural concept, with Marxian Class
Analysis in Multi –electional Groups’ Democratic
Administrative Indian System, for almost successful
implementation in social field (Family, household, local
club, panchayat etc.).
Natural earthy virgin environmental biodiversity is better
to be favored by people entangled with Ethno biological
Human society. The North –Eastern Region of India is rich
in Ethno biological cultures, which may be compared, in
resemblance/similarity, in ethical and ethnical point of
view, with the some of the countries of South-East Asia.
Definition of ethnobiology may comprise the following
issues as componental parts for various human
conventional community sectors , which can be
dynamically viewed as :
(1)Cultural (in art ,literature or other indigenous
intellectual expressions of different upper and lower
economic classes of people)
(2)Religious (Pertaining to worshipping gods and God
,as Wild-life are worshipped by some people locally
,since they are also considered as the companions of
Gods ,by some ethnical forest villagers locally)
(3)Social (a family or household entangled with
ethno biology as a smallest structure of the society)
(4)Traditional (The passing beliefs or customs, locally
from one generation to next
generation)
(5)Ethical (Moral principles of rules of behavior
towards ethno biology)
(6)Ethnical (Race or tribe prospects, that have a
common cultural tradition)
(7)Medicinal (For the benefit of forest villager
community as well as domestic animals)
In my Community Forest Management Concept, the
human community habitat’s infra-structure may be
summarized as:
(1) Urban area,
(2)Semi-urban area (where urban impact is dominant,)
(3)Semi-rural area (where rural impact is dominant),
and
(4)Rural area
(5)Unstable and Sensitive Alluvial Area
(6) Forest Villages in Reserve Forest and Forest Villages,
in Bio-sphere Reserve and so on.
Slum area may be or is distinct in above mentioned, first
five numbers of human dominant Earth-Crust.
Preparation of schemes based on economic
developmental objectives, following C and I of IIFM-ITTO,
for the slum area people, by respective authority
may be one of the basic instruments for poverty
alleviation and eradication attempt, as a part of
sustainable urbanization and also as an additional source
of Domestic Revenue Regeneration and Sustainable
Industrialization in community level.
From these points of view, Revenue, Customs and Excise
concept may be added to the overall of Concept of
Revenue( following US concept) for money value
increment methodology at national level in political
nationalistic demarcation .
The alluvial area locally, in the bank of the river
Brahmaputra may be included under the area of Primary
Natural Ecological Succession, where seeds etc. of
fruiting or other types of economic plants mainly comes
by the river current by Avian semi-aquatic species,
resulting natural economic and ecological plantations in
the area. Such areas of Primary succession or the areas of
Secondary Succession etc. with human economic
productivities etc. may be previewed under
Environmental-Succession-Revenue-Taxation-Customs
scenario, as part of Community Protected Tree Outside
Forest. Tax-Customs financial rebate may also be
possible in the Production sectors, where species of
endangered, rare, threatened, vulnerable species of
florae and faunae is presently pre-dominant. It might
inspire Industrial communities, as a tool for Industrial
Community Forest Management to favor Biodiversity
Conservation.
All these topics may be innovative study topic, in Socio-administrational
Institutional Capacity(to apply and
benefit within Sustainable Forest Managemental and
Bio-diversity Conservational aspects)Building Initiatives
.The topic may also help to initiate for finding out
mandatory principles and C and I to be implemented by
the official department or departments .
——————————————————————–
——–
Contribution in goods and services ,in sensitization and
viewing environmental conservational and
managemental objectives and goals in technical
formality ,may be possible with the consultation of
some Nationally or Internationally recognized forest
management institutes and with concerned resource
persons, globally giving proportional importance in a
holistic approach to ethical, changed ethnical ,cultural
and traditional aspects etc. from biological, Human
sociological ,educational or other academicals scenario.
Bio-diversity conservational fundamental concept may
be added to technical pathways of administrational
attempt with indirect constructive departmental
contributions, in the environment and nature.
It might be possible to come-out ,with the goal and
objective of Bio-diversity conservation, with Zoo-ethical
feelings, with the wishes of free education to poors and
proletarians of Rural India and with Zoo-biological
feelings ,towards global perspectives, with the impact of
concept of Sustainable Forest Resource Accounting and
Valuation methodology in the Policy and protocols of
Taxation(Production) and Customs(Transportation) and
in Revenue(Money generation), as Sustainable Industrial
Socio-economic Development ,to favor for a proposed
Global Council of Scientific and Sustainable Industrial
Research(GCSSIR) ,with the explicit and implicit policies
of IMF,WTO,WB and so on, by means of Sustainable
Forest Resource Certification .It may be mandatory to
expand,the
concept of Criteriae and Indicators of Sustainable Forest
Management, Sustainable Forest Certification, Forest
Resource Accounting and Valuation in a country in their
own currency and then conservation it to dollar or to any
other its contradictory currency/currencies with
reference to the aim of its international trades ,e .g.
through Present East-West Corridor , within the range of
Global Middle East Countries, that might be
mandatorily managed ; in purview of ,consideration of
the country ,to which I am being ,as the trade centre for
South-East Asia and South-West Asia or in regional
aspects, through the Still-Well Road,( named in memory
of Major General Joseph Warren Stillwell ;during second
world war )of the length about 1726 Kilometer to
Kungming of South China ,from Assam state ,is being
repaired and reschemed from Assam state to China
through Burma, mainly for trading purpose .There may
be imaginary view for attempting India, to restructure as
the Image of South Asian world trade centre, through the
under-construction of East-West Corridor; in order to
meet the policy challenges, collaboratively and
cooperatively, of implicit and explicit aims and
objectives its donor international establishments ;that
corridor has been being under-construction, through
country India .It might be considered, to restructure, in
the view of Sustainable Trading ;as a tool of Sustainable
Industrializations, to favor Global Sustainable
Development, in regional context. Among the explicit
and implicit, international policy network, in the purview
of open ,primarily economic liberalization and
secondarily cultural globalization ethics and philosophy,
it might be also possible to focus on Environmentally
Sustainable Country formation ,by the internationally
more skilled countries/more skilled financial
establishments, institutions etc., for the development
and economic differentiation of third world
,underdeveloped countries, that are that are
economically poor, but most of which are still rich, bioresource
concerned facts or in wildlife, in general
accompanied by the fundamental aim of
Environmentally Sustainable GREEN COUNTRY
FORMATION. There may be the possibility for the third
world countries, in such aspects.
The aim of our comparative study might be in the
direction of fulfilling the achievements of Various types
of World Summits (e.g. WSSD)in single individual level or
at grass-root level, as poverty eradication attempt etc.
,or the protocols ,principles, agenda etc. of different
international and global institutions/establishments(e.g.
IMF, WTO,WB,ADB etc.) that may be purviewed ,in my
nominal global views.
Point =3 :
Primarily I have mentioned my only opinion ,on community participation for SFM ,which is very common locally ,through leadership .In case of local community participation for SFM , usually one single individual or groups of individuals come-out ,from a social group, [Excluding local club, self-help group, youth organization etc. also,mainly in villages, (Villages within legally protected forests and villages with Trees Outside Forest ,the TOF) ]. Social group, means few neighbors of same type of social attitudes in homely / household affairs, with same type of thinking pattern and thinking level, in the village areas .
Like mental state of wild-life (faunae), human being also have a CRITICAL period in their growing age. During this period or age, immature inner mind of people, desire to learn from anything or any theme “Surrounding” them, including formal or informal education also. The “Surrounding” may be schools, colleges, other educational institutions etc. or the learning from the people, whom he meets or faces, frequently in his daily life- pattern. In this prospects ,Indian social human community almost learn about or develop the agitational or revolutionary enthusiastic thinking ,which characteristic and quality has been passing via thoughts of Indian community ;one generation after another generation, from the year of independence (1947) or since the year of recognition of democracy (1950) , of India. Thus ,emergence of social leadership quality, in social sector (Political, non-political, literary, cultural, traditional field etc.) are very logical and very familiar for our country .It may be better to think, on this prospects also ;in the duration of :-
Community SFM Processing:-
(1) Initiation : Followed by
(2) Continuation: Simultaneously or Followed by
(3) Management, according to necessity,
till ending of the consequences ,as a part of Community Participation ;towards sustainability of protected forests and towards sustainability of Tree Outside Forest. Sustainability may be in the direction of more fruitful; if proper conservation, uniform maintenance, or necessary enhancement of vulnerable ,endangered, rare, threatened species etc. of florae and faunae are undertaken. These three measures together, or any two measures together, or any single one or judicious mixture of these three or two measures may be effective, to maintain sustainability. In this way, to formulate policy and principles of community participation, historical analysis may be effective to few extents; in the Nationalistic division (e.g. formation of countries etc.) or unification of the countries towards continents of the globe. It is necessary to gain knowledge on conceptual historical infrastructural and economic infrastructural history of Country formation (as Indian origin of Mauritius), of the globe, status of the opposition parties of different countries ,electional configurations and infrastructures mainly of European Countries (as of union) etc. and of African countries; based on sensitization factors to unify the different oppositional or administrational (as Governments) parties of the other countries, towards India, with reference as intermediate position of India, in the globe. These factors may help to enhance global status of our country ; as like the, religious belief and faith were the base of formation of Pakistan and East Pakistan (Bangladesh, at Present). Then, what might be the concept of MIDDLE Pakistan ,before the year 1947 or 1950 or for the presents’ B(Bangladesh).N.P.? Still, there may be a internationalist relationships between these two above mentioned countries./////////////////////////////////////////
In Context to Local Community Participation:-
Study of food-webs or food-chains or mixture of food-webs of different types and its sustainability, maintenance, through monitoring and evaluation by the local communities (through guidance and direction of proper authority, individuals) may forward towards sufficiently fruitful community participation for S-F-M and for S-TOF-M, in regional or local aspects. Senior communities (as rural parents, guardians etc.) may be sensitized or inspired for such type of activities, by providing free supportive general education ;to their children or to the interested ,but depressed uneducated youths (male and female) ,following their school curriculum/syllabus and required educational interests respectively (Educational Community Participation for SFM). With supportive general education (at certain intervals of few days, in a week);it is also possible to offer knowledge on food-webs, anti-environmental communities phenomena etc.(it may be towards virginity concept of forests)to attempt for sustainability of biodiversity and abio-diversity as portions of Forest Management Practices ,in regional aspects.
Offering free supportive general education (e.g. to village children / youth etc.) may be or almost is the best, simple & clear path; for community sensitization ,of community sustainability. Parallely, it may also be possible to know about local economic values of the forest (through Holistic approach),trees ,plants, shrubs, etc. ;which are maintained by definite household / families etc. to proceed towards Forest Resource Accounting (FRA) ,then Sustainable Forest Certification , by imitating the Criteriae and Indicators and then towards, initiation of sustainable export on local ,regional ,national or international basis (it may be through ‘Stillwell Road’ connecting Locally Kungming of South China through Burma from Assam of India) ;accompanied by proper revenue planning ;with financial courtesy and with CRITERIAE of donor groups / agencies established in, local towards global level ,and their implementation towards local or micro level for SFM .The indicators of such Direct CRITERIAE of donor groups/agencies /establishments etc., for Sustainable Forest Management (With S-TOF-M) are also present and is not clear in my mind till now.
Regarding Local Criteriae & Indicators :
(1) Degree and impact (that can be measured by different parameters as livelihood, pollution by insecticides, pesticides, inorganic fertilizers, population etc. of human being ) from surrounding human habitat ,on an area of environmental Secondary Community Succession (Denudation),may also ,probably be a indicator of the FIXED Criterion 1: “Maintenance/increase in the extent of forest and tree cover”, mainly in single study area level ,of secondary succession. Because, in the duration of secondary succession, when first floral community /communities are decreased in number ,in mass, by natural sustainable phenomena (Floral destructive phase of Secondary succession ,but this destruction and regeneration is very systematic with many sub-steps, and there may be some sub-indicators for this),human activities directly or indirectly affect the naturally changing area, (as by chemical fertilizers, insecticides ,pesticides etc.) ,mainly by flood-water flow ,in or about simultaneously of the summer season; from tea-gardens , cultivational , agricultural field , by single individual or from organized sectors, of investment towards lands. Thus, amount of specific fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides , applied in or near an area of an Secondary Succession ,may be Indicator or even Sub-Indicator (Study of some sub-indicators within an Indicator may temporarily be helpful, supportive ,for the study duration),if in details; leading to lessen ,in tree number and also influencing the Criterion 1 : Maintenance/increase in the extent of forest & tree cover, for increase of trees and forests in successive generation .Interdependency (may lead towards Sub-indicators) of one flora on other flora, fauna etc. [as water-hyacinth is noticed with some other florae, which are the feeding, even nesting places of some endangered species of semi-aquatic birds etc. may play major role during destruction and regeneration phases of secondary succession.
(2)Change of position of NICHE (Mainly of nests) ,of few species of birds, in the same plant or in species of same plant, have also been guessed by me, due to interferences of human community ,pertaining to unsustainability in the area leading towards, decrease in number of florae /Trees/ Shrubs or decrease in number of current leaves, twigs etc. in a single vital plant/tree etc., affecting the current Food-web there.
*It is essential the preparation of the infrastructure for institutionalization of Criteriae and Indicators concept among the students of Schools/Colleges and so on, as preliminary initiative step, trying for coverage of more districts of Assam (Upper Assam & Lower Assam)and very few extent of Arunachal Pradesh.
*It is better to exist single office level [Governmental ,non-governmental ,Private ,Limited (Ltd.) etc.] C & I, even up-to branch and sub-branch level, collaborative & pertaining to local community/area, where activities of the particular office , has to be implemented..
Point =4 :
Central Board of Excise and Customs may focuses policies and instrumental models etc. towards Directorate General of Valuation (Based on sustainablility standard measurement of raw materials) ,towards Directorate General of Export Promotion etc. for forest certification, through application of Criteria and Indicators System of Sustainable Forest Management as a tool.
Most of the taxable goods are forest products, including Timber products and Non-Timber products of legally protected (eg. of Reserve Forests etc .) forests and of Tree Outside Forest(TOF) area etc.. Almost all the market goods for consumption by customers are produced from forest resources as timber ,non-timber , ethnobotanical ,ethnozoological, modernized ornamental ,luxurial, house-hold products of different types etc., Which are directly or indirectly collected from biotic components(organic or living form as florae, faunae etc.) or from abiotic components ( inorganic or non-living form as land, water streams ,soil ,rock etc. in natural conditions and arrangements) of legally protected forests and of tree outside forests, technically. We may study, assess and evaluate the sustainability status concentering towards the managerial operations of the concerned Industrial Companies, Limiteds ,Corporations who share, involve ,manage human resources ,in their production strategy for that particular business organization ;at local level .We may measure in a scale system ,how much the producer establishments[ e.g. Indian Company or Foreign Company etc. of a particular country ( in the era of globalization); of and in which country, forest certification has already been partially or adequately implemented or initiated or on the proceedings of initiation’s probability] have followed the protocol ,as the bureau of Indian Standards etc. and so on. The commercial, business and trading establishments that have followed the Forest Certification Criteria concerning C and I of SFM, in alliance of ,and followed by the Forest Stewardship Council’s principles etc. may be proposed for further consultation by concerned Central Ministries ,to promote rebate etc. on different taxation, by the policy instruments of Directorate or Commissionerate of valuation etc. ;as the part of custody in the chaining system. Taxation on local tea gardens may also be summarized in this probable design and model, as a nationally proposed Central Excise and Custom’s Tax Rebatable Forest Certification Initiative ,to inspire the commercial institutions, business groups etc. towards SFM initiatives. It may be a institutionalization attempt of C and I of SFM, F. Certification among industrial sector ,promoting Sustainable Industrialization.
Shading trees planted in local tea-gardens are shelter, resting and also feeding place of many birds, reptiles etc. of endangered ,rare, threatened species .Tea plants (where chemical pesticides ,insecticides are common ,for efficient production of Tea leaves) shelter, provide environment of their food ,perennially to some endangered species as Funambulus(Squirrel), Herpestes( Mongoose), Manis (Scaly anteater), occasionally Slow loris (Nycticebus coucang) ,Macaca mulatta (Rhesus monkey ), Tiger (Panthera tigris),Leopard (Panthera pardus), Indian garden Lizard (Calotes versicolor), Burmese Python(Python molurus bivittatus) ,Red-necked Keelback (Rhabdophis subminiatus ;near Jokai Reserve Forests), Monocled Cobra (Naja kaouthia), Bengal Vulture (Gyps bengalensis),Adjutant Stork(Leptoptilos dubius), Leptoptilos javanicus,different species of owls etc.. Tigers shelter temporarily in the tea-gardens in search of domestic cattles of nearby revenew areas/villages etc., as food in decreased forest scenario. These facts may be the grassroot levels foundation and tools for assessment and measurements of sustainability status of the T-O-F (Tree outside Forests),for standardization, in context to production (Excise Department) and Transport (Customs Department)taxation rebate. Rebate in taxes or accompanied provisions etc. may be provided by the concerned ministry ,(Ministry of Technical Coordination, e.g. Ministry of Sustainable Forest Management and of Forest Certification, for monitoring the parameters of sustainability etc. , if followed by other Ministries) may be also effective for fund generation for Forest Certification and Sustainable forest Management in India ; in collaboration with the countries where Forest Certification has been already satisfiedly effective ,as for example, Ministry of Refugee is being activated in some other countries, based on necessity.
Forest certification, may summarize First Party Certification, Second Party Certification ,Third Party Certification ,as the three components of Chain of Custody (CoC), may be more technically authentic in local level.
Point =5 :
Application of Constructive Marxism in democratic SFM community:
Theoretical Marxian Philosophy, applied by Stalin (Stalinism) may be in favor of village (Forest villages and revenue villages) community, and also for semi-rural (with urban impact), semi-urban (with rural Impact) or for urban human community, locally or regionally. On the duration of , J.V. Stalin in Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR), Russia was developing ,rapidly, in economic or other fields; within a very short duration after the Soviet Bolshevik Revolution (Year 1917).
Principles of Stalinism favored and proceeded towards ,democratism criteria(as in case of administration and sovereignty ,rights and privilege etc.) after the decade of Soviet revolution. Thus system of administration etc. of USSR proceeded towards the politically Nationalistic demarcation of democratism; with the help of Applied Marxian principles, through Stalinism; up to the end of Communist role in the Republic ;through foreign intervention (as by West European Countries; to help the proletariat and by the ,nowadays very common the civil war).The end of the Russian revolutionary administrative consequences was inauguration of political party based, one definite type of democracy.
Direction of change of global human society presumed from historical study may also be beneficial. It may be better effective to apply and implement the chose principles and theories of constructive democratism favoring Karl Marxian Stalinism [Probably, which contributed in the emergence of Socialism concept (For Socialist party ) ;keeping aside communist ideology (of communist parties) in India after the first congress formation by the year 1885.];mainly in the villagers” society (e.g. forest villages, revenue villages etc.) in the view of forest Management Committees of different objectives in India, mainly in the North-Eastern region ,for successful poverty eradication attempt (With the recognized definition of poor, proletarian and labourer, which are the main voting forces of human social classes in India).Thus the entire revenues from the forests under villagers” ethical ownership may be given to the councils of village/tribal people (With reference to Verrier Elwin”s view);which may be used by the same people for the development of their villages, under monitoring and supervision of the central government. Such arrangement will place much greater responsibility on the council’s ethics and will thus strengthen them ,for an ecologically sustainable economic environment .As they come to realize that ,they are managing their own forests ,it may be an “Ethics Developing Attempt” for sustainable forest management. They may take more care of forests; for nothing creates a stronger sense of responsibility than the possession and control over money (Ref. Verrier Elwin). Such theme may be a tool and attempt for entering into the concept of Ethical (Sustainable)Consumerism. The ethics may be stable or may be changed by immigration of human being .Locally or regionally; ethical consumerism in the direction of Sustainable Forest Ethical Management (SFEM);to achieve Sustainable Ethical Consumerism (SEC),may be viewed through new Sub-Criteriae or indicators/sub-indicators/Co-indicators concepts under the range of Criteriae of Sustainable Forest Management of IIFM-ITTO; also with the concept of Urban Sustainable Ethical Consumerism ,Semi –urban Sustainable Ethical Consumerism ,Semi-rural Sustainable Ethical Consumerism ,Rural Sustainable Ethical Consumerism, mainly on local basis, distinguishing Ethical Concept of forest goods and services consumerism from the concepts of Ethical forest goods and services consumerism. The principles by giving greater authority and dignity to the tribal/village councils, extending their own control over forests; with monitoring of sustainability of their forest by the villagers/tribes through Joint Sustainable Forest Management Committee (J-SFM-C),additionally with Joint Forest Management Committee(JFMC) ;under the shadow of central administration(e.g. Cabinet and so on); with Stalinism concept may be one of the effective tools ,to determine Verification Status (Verifier) for overall well-being of forests (including florae, faunae etc.) and of human community ;within the concept of Sustainable Forest Management by human (mainly villagers) community ,in local or regional scenarios.
NOW, Principle
[The fundamental law may be applied form of Karl Marxian principles’ as Stalinism; focusing on farmers/peasants (for all agricultural Sectors)and labourers (including each field or sector of economical society and humanity concerned society)]
In my general outlook, Criterion 1 (Maintenance/increase in the extent of forest and tree cover) proceeds and views towards natural virgin forests and its indicators, as 1.1,1.2,1.3,1.4, (e.g. 1.2 Percentage of forest with secured boundaries of IIFM-ITTO) indicates ,the consequences of resultant human activities ;in the direction of engulfing Sustainability of natural status of forests.
Regarding Agroforestry:
Implementation of Agroforestry plan ;in surrounding or near by forest area, may assimilate with near by natural forest area; through a natural phenomena (e.g. by wind pollination or by other Vectors) or such agroforestry or plantation by human being (for restoration attempt of florae or plant species with conservational and enhancement attempt of faunae ,by providing shelter place or nesting place or food or niche habitat etc. for them in the plantation area) may be required through ecological and environmental demand locally. It may be possible to assess sustainability of such summation of natural forest and man-made plantation and agro-forest , through sub-indicator concept; which can be included within the range of a particular indicator or co-assist a indicator,”1.4 Change in the tree cover outside forest area.”
Globally accepted definition of Sustainable Development is, ”Development that meets the needs of present generations without Compromising the ability of future generations; to meet their own needs.”
Thus the fact may also be that extraction of different types of forest resources (as timber, non-wood forest products etc.);from a natural virgin forest “to meet the needs of present generations” is possible up to conversion of the natural forest land (with aquatic, moist land etc.) towards bare land or to bare land; through a stepwise human needs. Subsequent agroforestry planting and implementation ,in that particular bare land may compromise the “Ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. Agroforestry that can also be in the direction of compensating/fulfilling of human needs, may also favor Criterion 1.Maintenance/INCREASE in the extent of forest and tree cover; for the future generations or for the generations of successive centuries. Sustainable Forest Management (SFM), as undeniable part of Sustainable Development; can contribute ,in this prospects ,through indicatoral view.
Change in forest cover in the direction of :
Dense Forest -> Open Forest -> Scrub Forest -> Pasture Forest -> Desert Forest ;
favoring Secondary Succession may be also (e.g. as conversion of land forests to the form of water streams) ;decrease in forest and tree cover by Secondary Succession and so on ,may also be an indicator for Sustainable Forest Management.
Foundational Concept of sustainable forest management may better to be based on natural phenomena,as food-chain,food-web etc. ,accompanied by human need based.
Point=5 :
Sustainable forest management (SFM) may be considered as first initiative
; former to sustainable socio-economic development; to become successful in
perennial global issues as “sustainable development”. If sustainable forest
management (SFM) becomes effective ( but ,it seems better to manage sustainably
the trees, shrubs etc. outside legally protected forest areas also, as in rural
home boundaries, in the alluvium etc., which also have huge contribution to
environmental well-beings, towards man-made sustainability) , then
conservation, maintenance and even enhancement of biodiversity and
abiodiversity also will occur spontaneously, which are important for sustainable socio-economic development.
Measurement of majority of sustainability, with short
periodicity will help more to post-measurement planning and implementation
locally, effectively to former assessment of sustainability ; in the direction
of sustainable socio-economic development, which is biotic. In North-Eastern
Region, it may be possible to look-out the natural or man-made factors, which
helps to measure future local sustainability in a very small area in comparison
to global environmental area. The factors may be locally placed into biotic
factors (found out in a human impacted area of protected forests and in
unprotected residential forests etc.) and abiotic factors ( factors found in
virgin forests, almost free from impact of human-beings) within the range of
biotic criteria and abiotic criteria.
In this area, locally
it may be possible to find –out the
biotic indicators, which will indicate a effectiveness of a criteria ,for
those indicators to be decided or
determined and also to find out the abiotic indicators without the theme of
pests, diseases , weeds etc. regarding
the modern human-beings ; since these themes were not considered by a
sustainable ancient primitive forest. Forest diseases ,weeds etc. may also
be the parts of natural
sustainable food-web, in a destructive succession, as denudation.
The biotic indicators may be viewed-up with human recognised media( as
deforestation, grazing etc.)
It should be
attempted towards meeting or overcoming the collaborative challenges, in case
of bio-energy resources , FRA etc. by U.S.A. or near by collaborative
organizations and countries of European
Unions ; towards South –East Asia or other developing or African countries
etc., some of which area may include the tropical forests; and that may be a
part of global sustainability.
In regional context, a deserted road (Stillwell Road, named in memory of
Major General Joseph Warren Stillwell ;during second world war ,of the length
about 1726 Kilometer to Kungming of South China) is being reconstructed from
Assam to China through Burma,mainly for trading purpose. It is better to
concentre on the environmental
sustainability in this Bio-diversity hot-spot with such developmental
perspectives.A few traditional economic cultures are going on ,still ,in this
area. Some raw –materials are transferred towards the other parts of the
country, for final production, marketing etc.. Trading of local sustainable raw materials through
Stillwell Pathway towards south-east Asia, due to facilitation of open and free
globalised marketing and trading, may influence local level sustainable economic developmental attempt, directly with
international level approaches, in future ; covering local or regional
aggregate sustainable economic and socio-economic development ,or on overall
economy of North-East region, with domestic industrial product deterioration
too.
Point=6:
Effectiveness of ongoing C & I:
There may be some measures and
procedures, to increase the effectiveness of C & I of SFM and S-TOF-M. Measures may be the
primary broad-view; through which different procedures may be forwarded, based
on suitability ; i.e. within a single type of measure, there may be different
parallel procedures , to increase the effectiveness of C & I implementation. By successful implementation
and application of principles of C &
I , it
may be possible into enter
into the concept of sustainable village, town or city formation , or possible
to give the shape of an ideal
sustainable village, sustainable town or city ; in the unsustainable areas
with anti or not-favoring environmental
activities. C & I should be deeply measured and assessed,as a tool of EIA
(Environmental Impact Assessment ), in local, regional, national level
etc. Dissimilar C
& I among local levels (which are not found in regional level or in national
level or even in international level) is
better to compare , analyze and evaluate among themselves , to distinguish
forest specificity; for making C& I
assessment, more effective, in such different context or level. Proper policy, techniques
and principles are better to determine ;to make the pathway of C & I
effective in organized and unorganized industrial sector and society, organized
(as self-help group
etc.) and unorganized (as
farmer’s productivity etc.) economic productivity sector and society, or in the
sector and society of intermediate
products’ industry etc. ; with a
path-way free from , complex democratic
socio-political aspects of land and activity [ Impact of constituency ( central
and state ) , Local, Traditional, or immigrational human population numbers
etc.] It may be better to ,increase the
effectiveness of C & I , attempt in international level, in re-construction
and formation ; through an agreement among the participating countries (Perhaps
up to ITTO level) ,by following-up the conditions , leaded by C & I system
, in case of as was Afghanistan reconstruction , with any types of initiative
(industrial or other economic sector etc.) of the countries , in the range
of globalisation or in other trends of interests of international communities.
It may be global initiative of any country , in case of C & I , in
sustainable reconstruction, urbanization, or
in industrialization effort in country
level etc. To determine the
intra-industrial C & I , intra-industrial technology should be studied and observed in this area.
After that , technological activities , not favorable to the environmental sustainability have to be listed and thus C
& I ,in industrial level , in different industry types ,have to be
determined, to consult and suggest , for changed or modified techniques and methodology to be applied, to
increase the effectiveness of C & I , in industries, as a part of sustainable industrialization.
Sir,Ambiguous Forest Vitality may be assessed,evaluated by using the distinct ,clear remaining Indicators of SFM.I shall be happy to get further guideline,basically on Statistical point of view,since I have very low ,clear concept on Such statistical review………….Regards Rupam
The Ecological Indicators may be better to be supported and forwarded by following indicators in order to view a summation Environmentally Sustainable Landscape Mosaic-Matrix :
#### Economic Indicators pertaining to Global Marxian Industrial Economical Classes of People ;
#### Service Sector Indicators in Governmental , Non-Governmental , Private ,Public and in Quasi-public fields perspectives ;
#### Political Indicators including Sovereignty and Refugee and Boundary Demarcation Issues
#### Theological indicators pertaining to Sacred Grooves accompanied by religious alterations from pristinity due to spontaneous cultural liberalizations under globalization scheme/project.
#### Ethnic Indicators specifically in Dialect prone sub-group regions ;
#### Traditional Indicators that indicates patterns of generation-wise social infrastructural changes in urban, semi-urban,semi-rural,rural, in different grade of slum areas ;
#### Cultural Indicators that measure sociological recreational changes amongst different groups of race ,caste, tribes(immigrational and indigenous ) and religious people ;
****** Proper and accurate measurement of these indicators may view the status of morality of all categories of people in a Society to favour Community Forest Management to patronize Global Sustainable Forest Management.
The Ecological Indicators may be better to be upholded and advanced by following indicators in order to view a summing-up Environmentally Sustainable Landscape Mosaic-Matrix :
#### Economic Indicators pertaining to Global Marxian Industrial Economical Classes of People ;
#### Service Sector Indicators in Governmental , Non-Governmental , Private ,Public and in Quasi-public fields perspectives ;
#### Political Indicators including Sovereignty and Refugee and Boundary Demarcation Issues
#### Theological indicators pertaining to Sacred Grooves accompanied by theological alterations from pristinity in religion due to spontaneous cultural liberalizations under globalization scheme/project.
#### Ethnic Indicators specifically in Dialect effective sub-group regions ;
#### Traditional Indicators that indicates patterns of generation-wise social infrastructural changes in urban, semi-urban,semi-rural,rural, in different grade of slum areas ;
#### Cultural Indicators that measure sociological recreational changes amongst different groups of race ,caste, tribes(immigrational and indigenous ) and religious people ;
****** Proper and accurate measurement of these indicators may view the status of morality of all categories of people in a Society to favour Community Forest Management to patronize Global Sustainable Forest Management.
Global Anthropocentric or Utilitarian Perspectives of Economic Criteriaea and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management are based on the global challenges of still to be fenced by United Nations ; specially in view of Community Participation for Sustainable Forest Management, as s tool in case of poverty rich human societies accompanied by Environmentally sustainable livelihood generating processes.
Amendment in Governmental administrations ,through constitutional imitation from most successful country or countries ,sovereign ,semi-sovereign states may be beneficial as one of the global reviews.
As for instances,in case of Oil Palm Plantation Landscape Development Scenario, it may be preferable to attempt to fulfil the economic desires, to provide with indigenous cultural recreation , provide with or prepare applied educational curriculum as wished by each family,household in individual basis or in aggregate ; among the remote villagers in order to enhance the possession on community sensitization and community collaboration for attaining cifor strategy. Contemporarily , diplomatic international approaches towards ruling governmental party or parties and towards oppositional groups in a country/territory are helpful as an opportunity for political aspects of globalization.
>
> Co-operation and Collaboration with ruling party/parties ,oppositional group/s, local people may be an inception for administrational management on behalf of a territory,country ; Semi-sovereign ,suzerain-vassal territotries and so on as an attempt for Global Community Management as a component of Global Sustainable Forest Management.